Books: General Format
Author Last Name, First & Middle Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book.Publisher.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Last Name, Year). Quotation: (Last Name, Year, p. Page Number).
Books: One author
Waller, B. N. (2010). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Waller, 2010). Quotation: (Waller, 2010, pp. 74-75).
Books: Two authors
Thorne, B. M., & Henley, T. B. (2005). Connections in the history and systems of psychology (3rd ed.). Wadsworth.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Quotation: (Thorne & Henley, 2005, p. 24).
Books: Three or more authors
Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Goldsmith, J., Ferrell, B. & Ragan, S. L. (2013). Communication in palliative nursing. Oxford University Press.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Wittenberg-Lyles, et al., 2013) Quotation: (Wittenberg-Lyles, et al., 2013, p. 8).
Books: No author. Show as a Title entry
Fodor's Amsterdam & the Netherlands. (2011). Fodor’s Travel Publications.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Fodor’s Amsterdam, 2011). Quotation: (Fodor’s Amsterdam, 2011, pp. 23-24).
Books: Organization as author
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Quotation: (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 144).
Books: Editor considered author
Quandt, T., & Kroger, S. (Eds.). (2014). Multiplayer: The social aspects of digital gaming. Routledge.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Quandt & Kroger, 2014). Quotation: (Quandt & Kroger, 2014, p. 58).
Books: Author and Translator
Allende, I. (2013). Maya’s notebook: a novel. (A. McLean, Trans.). Harper.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Allende, 2013). Quotation: (Allende, 2013, p. 34).
Books: Edition
DelPo, A., & Guerin, L. (2013). Dealing with problem employees: A legal guide (7th ed.). Nolo.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (DelPo & Guerin, 2013). Quotation: (DelPo & Guerin, 2013, pp. 10-11).
Book from a set (several volumes)
Riggs, T. (Ed.). (2013). Contemporary theatre, film and television (Vol. 123). Gale.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Riggs, 2013). Quotation: (Riggs, 2013, p. 166).
Books: Chapter or essay in a collection
Rachels, J. (2010). God and human attitudes. In B. N. Waller (Ed.), Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed., pp. 11-15). Prentice Hall.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Rachels, 2010). Quotation: (Rachels, 2010, p. 13).
The publication date should be copyright year of the book the essay was found in
Dictionaries / Definitions
Internet:
Speculate. (2014). In Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/speculate
In-text: (“Speculate,” 2014).
Print:
Speculate. (1999). In M. Agnes (Ed.)., Webster’s new world college dictionary (4th ed., p. 1377). Macmillan.
In-text: (“Speculate”, 1999).
Encyclopedias
With author
White, N. A. (2012). Juvenile and youth offenders. In S. M. Barton-Bellessa (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Community Corrections (pp. 221-225). SAGE Reference.
In-text
Paraphrase: (White, 2012). Quotation: (White, 2012, p. 222).
No author
Compensation. (2012). In S. D. Hill (Ed.), Encyclopedia of management (7th ed., pp. 127-135). Gale.
In-text
Paraphrase: (“Compensation,” 2012). Quotation: (“Compensation,” 2012, p. 134).
Internet: with author, no date
Smuts, A. (n.d.). Humor. In J. Fieser & B. Dowden (Eds.), Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/humor/
In-text
Paraphrase: (Smuts, n.d.). Quotation: (Smuts, n.d., Relief Theory section, para. 3).
Books: Government publication
U. S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography. (1986). Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: Final report. U.S. Government Printing Office.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (U. S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, 1986). Quotation: (U. S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, 1986, p. 10-11).
E-books
E-book from Library
Loguidice, B., & Barton, M. (2014). Vintage game consoles: An inside look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the greatest gaming platforms of all time. Routledge.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Loguidice & Barton, 2014). Quotation: (Loguidice & Barton, 2014, p. 34).
E-book from the web
Seton, E. T. (1911). The Arctic prairies: A canoe-journey of 2,000 miles in search of the caribou. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6818
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Seton, 1911). Quotation: (Seton, 1911, p. 38-39).
Downloaded e-book
Yin, R. K. (2008). Case study research design and methods: Applied social research methods (4th ed., Vol. 5)
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Yin, 2008). Quotation: (Yin, 2008, see this APA Style Blog entry for what to put here).
Website: General Format
Author Last Name, Author First & Middle Initials. (Date). Title of webpage. http://webaddressofwebsite
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Author Last Name, Year).
Quotation: (Author Last Name, Year, Section Title, para. Paragraph Number).
Web document: with author; with date
Reiter, P. (2007, November). Human ecology and human behavior: Climate change and health in perspective. http://www.csccc.info/reports/report_22.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Reiter, 2007). Quotation: (Reiter, 2007, para. 3).
Web document: organization as author
With date
World Health Organization. (2013, August). The world health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage. http://www.who.int/whr/2013/report/en/
In-text:
Paraphrase: (World Health Organization, 2013).
Quotation: (World Health Organization, 2013, para. 8).
No date
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). An overview of the federal sentencing guidelines. http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/about/overview/Overview_Federal_Sentencing_Guidelines.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: (United States Sentencing Commission, n.d.).
Quotation: (United States Sentencing Commission, n.d., Conclusion section, para. 12).
Web document: no author; no date
Internet crime prevention tips. (n.d.). http://www.ic3.gov/preventiontips.aspx
In-text:
Paraphrase: ("Internet crime prevention tips," n.d.).
Quotation: ("Internet crime prevention tips," n.d., Credit Card Fraud section).
Web document: Chapter or a section
McKenzie, W. (2008). Naturalist. In Multiple intelligences in education: Intelligence profiles. http://surfaquarium.com/MI/profiles/naturalist.htm
In-text:
Paraphrase: (McKenzie, 2008). Quotation: (McKenzie, 2008, p. 67).
Web document: no author, with date (e.g. news website):
More tests needed before Ohio city gets water back. (2014, August 4). http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/08/03/toledo-tells-residents-not-to-drink-water-due-to-presence-toxins/
In-text:
Paraphrase: (“More Tests Needed”, 2014). Quotation: (“More Tests Needed”, 2014, para. 3).
Web document: Academic website
Henderson, J. (2011). ICYouSee: A guide to critical thinking about what you see on the web. http://www.ithaca.edu/library/training/think.html
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Henderson, 2011). Quotation: (Henderson, 2011, Exercise: Peak Oil).
Web document: Government report
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2013). Health, United States, 2013 (DHHS Publication No. 2014-1232). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus13.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2013).
Quotation: (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2013, p. 10).
Company Report: from company / organization website:
NIKE, Inc. (2013). Annual report on form 10-K. http://investors.nikeinc.com/files/doc_financials/AnnualReports/2013/docs/nike-2013-form-10K.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: (NIKE, 2013). Quotation: (NIKE, 2013, p. 50).
Web document: Technical or research report
University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. http://www.rwjf.org/files/publications/other/ChronicCareinAmerica.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: First instance (University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging [UCSF/IHA], 1996). Subsequent instances: (UCSF/IHA, 1996). Data/Image: (UCSF/IHA, 1996, p. 39).
Article: General Format
Author Last Name, First & Middle Initials. (Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Source, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Author Last Name, Year).
Quotation: (Author Last Name, Year, p. Page Number).
Article: No author
Manna for Motown; Detroit's bankruptcy. (2013, October 5). The Economist, 409, 32(US).
In-text:
Paraphrase: (“Manna for Motown”, 2013). Quotation: (“Manna for Motown”, 2013, p. 32).
Article: One author
Murphy, L. (2011). Childhood and adolescent violent victimization and the risk of young adult intimate partner violence victimization. Violence & Victims, 26(5), 593-607.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Murphy, 2011). Quotation: (Murphy, 2011, p. 599).
Article: Two authors
Scheider, S. & Nordheim, G. (2014). Individual service plans: Assisted living’s key to quality care. Long-Term Living, 63(5), 26-28.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Scheider & Nordheim, 2014). Quotation: (Scheider & Nordheim, 2014, p. 26).
Article: Three or more authors
Peterson, S. A., Aye, T., & Wheeler, P. Y. (2014). Internet use and romantic relationships among college students. North American Journal of Psychology, 16(1), 53.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Peterson et al., 2014) Quotation: (Peterson et al., 2014, p. 53)
Article: Six or more authors
Langfelder-Schwind, E., Karczeski, B., Strecker, M. N., Redman, J., Sugarman, E. A., Zaleski, C., . . . Darrah, R. (2014). Molecular testing for cystic fibrosis carrier status practice guidelines: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 23(1), 5-15. Retrieved from ProQuest Psychology Journals.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Langfelder-schwind et al., 2014). Quotation: (Langfelder-schwind et al., 2014, p. 7).
Article: Scholarly/Peer-reviewed Journal
Database:
Han, J., & Shen, Y. (2015). Financial development and total factor productivity growth: Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 51, S261-S274.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Han & Shen, 2015). Quotation: (Han & Shen, 2015, p. S271).
Internet:
Flores, D., Hickenlooper, G., & Saxton, R. (2013, September 30). An academic practice partnership: Helping new registered nurses to advance quality and patient safety. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 18(3).
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Flores, Hickenlooper, & Saxton, 2013).
Quotation: (Flores, Hickenlooper, & Saxton, 2013, para. 5).
Article: Magazine
Database:
Clear as mud. (2014, July 26). The Economist, 412(8897), 26(US).
In-text
Paraphrase: ("Clear as Mud", 2014). Quotation: ("Clear as Mud", 2014, p. 26).
Internet:
Connelly, E. (2012, July 13). What does organic food mean? http://ezinearticles.com/?What-¬Does-¬Organic-¬Food-¬Mean?&id=7176117
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Connelly, 2012). Quotation: (Connelly, 2012, para. 5).
Article: Newspaper
Database, with author
Fisher, P. (2014, July 25). Ancient history shows us just how bad and volatile climate change could get. Washington Post.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Fisher, 2014). Quotation (Fisher, 2014, para. 15).
Internet, no author
Executive pay could add tension to talks: Base salaries rise as cuts sought. (2008, March 25). Detroit Free Press.
In-text:
Paraphrase: ("Executive Pay," 2008). Quotation: ("Executive Pay," 2008, para. 5).
Print version
with author
Honan, M. (2014, August). House broken. Wired, 22(8), 58.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Honan, 2014). Quotation: (Honan, 2014, p. 58).
no author
IRS reinstates practitioners. (2014, July). Accounting Today, 28(7), 13.
In-text:
Paraphrase: ("IRS reinstates practitioners," 2014).
Quotation: ("IRS reinstates practitioners," 2014, p. 13).
Editorial
The phony ‘narrow network’ scare [Editorial]. (2014, July 25). The New York Times, A26.
In-text:
Paraphrase: ("The phony 'narrow network'," 2014).
Quotation: ("The phony 'narrow network'," 2014, p. A26).
Web document: Company Report - from organization website
NIKE, Inc. (n.d.). Corporate Responsibility Report: FY 07 08 09.http://www.nikebiz.com/crreport/content/pdf/documents/en-US/full-report.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: (NIKE, n.d.). Quotation: (NIKE, n.d., Business Overview Section, pp. 8-9).
Print version
Home Depot. (2001). Home Depot 2000 annual report. Atlanta, GA: Author.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Home Depot, 2001). Quotation: (Home Depot, 2001, p. 34).
Blogs/Wikis: may not be accepted as a scholarly source
Shoemaker, S. (2006, June 8). In praise of Netflix. Laguna Lacuna. http://lagunalacuna.blogspot.com/search?q=in+praise+of+netflix
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Shoemaker, 2006). Quotation: (Shoemaker, 2006, para. 4).
Brochure/pamphlet
Print:
American Institute for Cancer Research. (2010). Start where you are [Brochure]. Washington, DC: Author.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (American Institute for Cancer Research, 2000).
Quotation: (American Institute for Cancer Research, 2000, p. 4).
Internet:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.) Antibiotics aren't always the answer [Brochure]. http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/campaign-materials/print-materials/brochure-answer.pdf
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Centers for Disease Control, n.d.).
Quotation: (Centers for Disease Control, n.d., p. 2).
Class/Course Documents
Course Document
Baker College. (2008, Summer). Developing a time management plan [Course document]. SPK 2010: Oral Communication.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Baker College, 2008). Quotation: (Baker College, 2008, para. 3).
Discussion Board Posts
Smith, A. B. (2008, Spring). Time management strategies [Discussion board message]. SPK 2010: Oral Communication.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Smith, 2008). Quotation: (Smith, 2008, para. 2).
Class handout
Baker College. (2013, Summer). Essay organization [Class handout]. COM 1010: Composition and Critical Thinking I.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Baker College, 2013); Quotation: (Baker College, 2013, p. 2).
Lectures
Barron, G. (2015, Fall). Race and ethnicity [Lecture]. Canvas@BC. https://baker.instructure.com/
In-text
Paraphrase: (Barron, 2015); Quotation: (Barron, 2015)
Presentations
Johnson, J. J. (2016, Spring). Abnormal behaviors [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@BC. https://baker.instructure.com/
In-text
Paraphrase: (Johnson, 2016). Quotation: (Johnson, 2016, slide 14).
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Library Database: with author
Maryanski, A., & Turner, J. (2001). Functionalism and structuralism. In E. F. Borgatta & R. J. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sociology (2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 1029-1037). MacMillan Reference USA.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Maryanski & Turner, 2001). Quotation: (Maryanski & Turner, 2001, p. 1030).
Library Database: no author
SIC 3721 aircraft. (2005). In L. Pearce (Ed.), Encyclopedia of American industries, Vol. 1: Manufacturing industries. (4th ed., p. 1154-1164). Gale.
In-text
Paraphrase: ("SIC", 2001). Quotation: ("SIC", 2001, p. 1156-1157).
Library Database: no author, no date
Plate tectonics. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia. Retrieved from Issues & Controversies database.
In-text:
Paraphrase: ("Plate Tectonics", n.d.). Quotation: ("Plate Tectonics", n.d., p. 678).
Web - no author
Global warming. (2008). In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/global_warming.aspx
In-text
Paraphrase: ("Global Warming" 2008). Quotation: ("Global Warming", 2008, para. 5).
Definition - Electronic: no author: Title entry
Methane. (1990). In Encyclopedia Americana (International ed., Vol. 18, pp. 321-322). Grolier.
In-text
Paraphrase: ("Methane", 1990). Quotation: ("Methane", 1990, p. 322).
Definition - Electronic: no author, no date
Intranet. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/
In-text
Paraphrase: ("Intranet", n.d.). Quotation: ("Intranet", n.d.).
Library - Print: with author, with date
Hensel, J. W. (1999). Technical education. In Encyclopedia Americana (International ed., Vol.26, p. 354-355). Grolier.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Hensel, 1999). Quotation: (Hensel, 1999, p. 355).
Quotations
Wilson, W. (1919). In Respectfully quoted: A dictionary of quotations (Number 871). Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/73/871.html
In-text: (Wilson, 1919).
Sound recording
Bolton, G. C. (Speaker). (1975). Towards an Australian environmental history [Cassette recording]. Media Services, Murdoch University.
In-text:Paraphrase:(Bolton, 1975). Quotation:(Bolton, 1975, <track title>).
Speech
Speech from a website:
King, M. L. Jr. (1963). "I have a dream...". http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf
In-text: Paraphrase: (King, 1963). Quotation: (King, 1963, para. 4).
Speech from a library database:
King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream address.
In-text: Paraphrase: (King, 1963). Quotation: (King, 1963, para. 5)
Speech from an e-book:
Franklin D. Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Speech. (2004). In C. Rose (Ed.), American Decades Primary Sources (Vol. 5, pp. 213-215). Gale.
In-text: Paraphrase: ("Franklin D. Roosevelt's", 2004). Quotation: ("Franklin D. Roosevelt's", 2004, p. 213).
Speech from a print book:
Hillstrom, L. C. (2009). The attack on Pearl Harbor. Omnigraphics.
In-text: President Roosevelt's speech to declare war on Japan began, "Yesterday, December 7, 1941- a date which will live in infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked" (as cited in Hillstrom, 2009, p. 189).
Speech heard in person:
Clinton, H. R. (2014, October 16). Rally for Michigan Democrats. Speech presented at Oakland University, Rochester, MI.
In-text: (Clinton, 2014).
Speech seen on television:
Obama, B. (2014, November 20). Speech on immigration reform [TV series]. ABC News.
In-text: (Obama, 2014).
Media: Film, Motion Picture, TV
Film / Motion Picture
Richter, J. (Producer), & Hausmann, J. (Director). (1985). Cezanne: The man and the mountain [Motion picture]. Home Vision.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Richter & Hausmann, 1985). Quotation: (Richter & Hausmann, 1985, Timestamp)
Television: Single Program
Safer, M. (Narr.). (1993, September 19). Yes...But is it art? [Television broadcast]. Central Broadcasting Service.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Safer, 1993). Quotation: (Safer, 1993, Timestamp)
Television: Episode from a series
Woodard, K. (Writer). (2005). Katrina's animal rescue [Television series episode]. In B. Murphy (Producer), Nature. Thirteen/WNET New York.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Woodward, 2005). Quotation: (Woodward, 2005, Timestamp).
Podcasts - audio and video
Audio Podcast
Duchon, R. (2007). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots. [Audio podcast]. Michigan Radio. http://pod.michiganradio.org/podcasts/ashes1.mp3
In-text
Paraphrase:(Duchon, 2007). Quotation:(Duchon, 2007, Timestamp)
Video Podcast
ABC News (Producer). (2007, September 21). Dying professor's lecture of a lifetime [Video podcast]. In Good morning America: Person of the week. . ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek/Story?id=3633945&page=1
In-text
Paraphrase: (ABC News, 2007). Quotation: (ABC News, 2007, Timestamp).
Navasky, M. & O'Connor, K. (Producers). (2006, November 21). Living old (W. Lyman, Narrator) [Video podcast]. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/livingold/
In-text
Paraphrase: (Navasky & O'Connor, 2006). Quotation: (Navasky & O'Connor, 2006, <chapter/section title>).
Tweet (may not be accepted as a scholarly source)
Author, A. @Twitterhandle. (Year, Month Day). Content of the tweet up to the first 20 words. Twitter. http://twitter.com/[url]
In-text: (Twitter handle, Year)
Organization as author
University of Michigan. (2020, August 23). These are unprecedented times, and the #COVID19 pandemic has caused mental health concerns to skyrocket. But businesses can support their... [Tweet with link attached]. https://twitter.com/UMich/status/1297541605474238464
In-text
Paraphrase and Quotation: (University of Michigan, 2020).
YouTube
Personal author
Goyen, A. (2014, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
In-text
Paraphrase:(Goyen, 2014). Quotation:(Goyen, 2014, <section title>).
Organization as author
University of Chicago. (2007, December 12). European cartographers and the Ottoman world, 1500--1750 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xax5d4IKqrQ
In-text
Paraphrase and Quotation:(University of Chicago, 2007).: (University of Chicago, 2007).
Photos/Images
Images: with title, with Photographer name and date
Baumel, A. (2010). Cholera treatment center in Haiti [Online image]. Doctors Without Borders. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org
Images: with title, no photographer name or date
Spices for the curry [Online image]. (n.d.). http://jdtr.pagesperso-orange.fr/marsau3.htm
Images: no title, photographer name or date
[Untitled photograph of a baby chimpanzee]. (n.d.). Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:500px_photo_(188689973).jpeg
Online Discussion forums (may not considered authoritative sources)
Simmons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual recognition [Msg 31]. http://group.yahoo.com/group/visualrecognition/message31
In-text:Paraphrase: (Simmons, 2000). Quotation: (Simmons, 2000, para. 4).
Reports
Annual/Corporate/Company report
Technical or research report
University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. http://www.rwjf.org/files/publications/other/ChronicCareinAmerica.pdf
In-text
Paraphrase: First instance (University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging [UCSF/IHA], 1996). Subsequent instances: (UCSF/IHA, 1996). Quotation: (UCSF/IHA, 1996, para. 2).
Government report
U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report of the surgeon general's conference on children's mental health: A national section agenda. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/chilreport.htm
In-text
Paraphrase: (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). Quotation: (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000, para. 7).
Doctoral Dissertations / Master's Theses
Published, retrieved from a library database
Roi, R. C. (2006). Leadership, corporate culture and financial performance (UMI No. 3223891). [Doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Roi, 2006). Quotation: (Roi, 2006, p. 89)
Published, obtained from PQDT (ProQuest Dissertations & Theses) Open
Pandit, G. (2011). Critical reflection in collective knowledge creation: A mixed-method case study of middle managers' reflection and interaction in a public organization (UMI No. AAT 3426943). [Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University]. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3426943
In-text
Paraphrase: (Pandit, 2011). Quotation: (Pandit, 2011, p. 89).
Unpublished, obtained from a university
Myers, K. H. (2004). Juvenile recidivism: An investigation into the reduction of future law violations of incarcerated youth in Louisiana [Unpublished master's thesis]. McNeese State University.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Myers, 2004). Quotation: (Myers, 2004, p. 28-29).
Personal Communication
Show only in-text. Format:
First & Middle initials Last name (personal communication, Month Day, year).
DO NOT INCLUDE IN REFERENCES.
Example: T. Betts (personal communication, August 3, 2015)
Articles obtained via Interlibrary Loan
Cite as articles from a print source.
Keynote Address
Stein, B. (2003, May 23). America's ballroom challenge (Keynote address) Computers and Writing Conference. Purdue Memorial Union, Purdue University.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Stein, 2003). Quotation: (Stein, 2003, para. 6).
Conference Paper
Bancroft, D., & Lowe, S. (2006). Helping users help themselves: Evaluating the off-campus library services website. In J. Garrison (Ed.), Twelfth Off-campus Library Services Conference Proceedings (pp. 11-23). Mount Pleasant: Central Michigan University.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Bancroft & Lowe, 2006). Quotation: (Bancroft & Lowe, 2006, p. 15).
Government Document
United States Government Accountability Office. (2009). Litigation has decreased and EPA needs betteriInformation on site cleanup and cost issues to estimate future program funding requirements [GAO-09-656]. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09656.pdf
In-text
Paraphrase: First instance (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009). Further instances (U. S. GAO, 2009).
Quotation: First instance (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009, p. 45). Further instances (U. S. GAO, 2009, p. 49).
Interviews
Recorded & archived at a website
PBS & WGBH (Boston). (2009, February 9). America's Ballroom Challenge: Interview with the show's creator: Aida Moreno. Available at the PBS website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ballroomchallenge/interview.html
Personal: not archived
Show only in-text. Format:
Last name, First & Middle Initials (personal communication, Month Date, year).
DO NOT INCLUDE IN REFERENCES.
Law / Legal Documents
Michigan law (Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated)
Parts of citation:
Title of the act. MCLA abbreviated title. Section number. (Publisher year).
Example:
Safe Drinking Water Act. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. 325.1007 (West 1999).
Michigan Supreme Court case
Parts of citation:
First party v. Second party, Volume number Michigan Reports abbreviated title First page of case (year case decided).
Example:
People v. Davis, 472 Mich. 156 (2005).
Michigan Court of Appeals case
Parts of citation:
First party v. Second party, Volume number Michigan Appeals Reports abbreviation First page of case (year case decided).
Example:
Tuggle v. Department of State Police, 269 Mich App 657 (2005).
Federal law (original version, as passed)
Parts of citation:
Title of the law. Public law number. Date enacted. Statutes at Large cataloging number.
Example:
Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act of 1988. Pub. L. 100-583. 3 Nov. 1988. Stat. 102.2960.
Federal Court case
Parts of citation:
Title of case. Number of the case. Name of court that decided the case. Date of decision.
Example:
United States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority. No 92-1223. Supreme Ct. of the US. 23 February 1994.
Adapted with permission from Lansing Community College's APA Print and Media Sources page.
Working Paper / In press
Guéguen, N. (In Press, Uncorrected Proof). Dead indoor plants strengthen belief in global warming. [Abstract]. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Retrieved from ScienceDirect database.
In-text: (Guéguen, in press).
Electronic mailing lists / Listserv
Campbell, D. (2010, April 1). Re: Evaluating resources [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://lists.ala.org/wws/arc/ili-l
In-text: (Campbell, 2010).
Private E-mail messages should be cited as personal communications and will not appear on your reference page. Cite in-text as follows:
Campbell, D. (personal communication, April 1, 2010)
Library documents
Handouts
Baker College. (2010). Academic integrity [Library handout]. Retrieved from https://guides.baker.edu/academicintegrity
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Baker College, 2008). Quotation: (Baker College, 2008, p. 2).
The examples below work for most article databases.
For additional examples, look in the Articles menu.
Newspaper:
Power, S. (2008, March 17). EPA says carbon caps won't harm economy much. Wall Street Journal, A.2.
In-textParaphrase: (Power, 2008). Quotation: (Power, 2008, para. 5).
Magazine:
Marino, S. (1999, June 7). The difference between managing and leading. Industry Week, 248(11), 10.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Marino, 1999). Quotation: (Marino, 1999, p. 10).
Journal:
Han, J., & Shen, Y. (2015). Financial development and total factor productivity growth: Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 51, S261-S274.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Han & Shen, 2015). Quotation: (Han & Shen, 2015, p. S271).
ACM Digital Library
Conference Proceeding:
Stein, C., Limper, M., & Kuijper, A. (2014). Spatial data structures for accelerated 3D visibility computation to enable large model visualization on the web. Proceedings of the Nineteenth International ACM Conference on 3D Web Technologies, 53-61.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Stein, Limper, & Kuijper, 2014).
Quotation: (Stein, Limper, & Kuijper, 2014, para. 2).
Article:
Kamp, P.-H. (2014, August). Quality software costs money--Heartbleed was free. Communications of the ACM, 57(8), 49-51.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Kamp, 2014). Quotation: (Kamp, 2014, p. 50).
American History Online & similar Facts on File databases
with author
Phillips, C., & Axelrod, A. (2005). World War II in the Pacific theater. In Encyclopedia of wars. Facts on File.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Phillips & Axelrod, 2005). Quotation: (Phillips & Axelrod, 2005, para. 3).
no author
World War II in the Pacific theater. (2005). In Encyclopedia of wars. Facts on File.
In-text
Paraphrase: ("World War II", 2005). Quotation: ("World War II", 2005, para. 3).
A to Z World Culture (World Trade Press)
World Trade Press. (2014). Thailand: Life cycle. A to Z World Culture.
In-text
Paraphrase: (World Trade Press, 2014).
Quotation: (World Trade Press, 2014, Marriage section, para. 1).
A to Z Maps (World Trade Press)
Presentation
NASA Global View Maps. (2000, March). Carbon monoxide [Presentation]. A to Z Maps Online.
In-text
(NASA Global View Maps, 2000).
Individual Map
NASA Earth Observatory - Climate Change Maps. (2004, December 1 – 2005, January 1). NASA Earth Observations (NEO): Blue marble: Next generation (Terra/MODIS). A to Z Maps Online.
In-text
(NASA Earth Observatory, 2004).
Chronicle of Higher Education
McCabe, D. L. & Drinan, P. (1999, October 15). Toward a culture of academic integrity. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com
In-text:Paraphrase: (McCabe & Drinan, 1999). Quotation: (McCabe & Drinan, 1999, para. 3).
CINAHL Complete (EBSCO)
Leow, Q., Drury, V., & Poon, W. (2010). A qualitative exploration of patients' experiences of music therapy in an inpatient hospice in Singapore. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 16(7), 344-350. Retrieved from CINAHL Complete database.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Leow, Drury, & Poon, 2010). Quotation: (Leow, Drury, & Poon, 2010, p. 346).
CQ Researcher
Mantel, B. (2014, January 24). Minimum wage. CQ Researcher, 24(4), 73-96.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Mantel, 2014). Quotation: (Mantel, 2014, p. 89).
Gale DemographicsNow
Basic demographic summary chart: Flint, MI [Data]. (2013). Gale DemographicsNow.
In-text:
Paraphrase/Quote: ("Basic Demographic Summary," 2013).
Household comparison: Flint, MI and Muskegon, MI [Data]. (2010). Gale DemographicsNow.
In-text:
Paraphrase/Quote: ("Household Comparison," 2010).
Local market comparison for Carpets and rugs (SIC Code: 22730000): New York City and District of Columbia [Custom report]. (2012). Gale DemographicsNow.
In-text:
Paraphrase/Quote: ("Local Market Comparison," 2012).
E-books
E-book from Library
Loguidice, B., & Barton, M. (2014). Vintage game consoles: An inside look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the greatest gaming platforms of all time. Routledge.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Loguidice & Barton, 2014). Quotation: (Loguidice & Barton, 2014, p. 34).
Facts and Comparisons eAnswers
Donepezil Hydrochloride Oral. (2020, November 8). In Drug Facts and Comparisons. Facts and Comparisons eAnswers.
In-text
Paraphrase: ("Donepezil Hydrochloride," 2020).
Quotation ("Donepezil Hydrochloride," 2020, Indications section).
Films on Demand
Whole movie:
Cambridge Educational. (2006). Information literacy: The perils of online research [Video]. Films on Demand.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Cambridge Educational, 2006).
Quotation (use time stamp): (Cambridge Educational, 2006, 13:22).
Segment:
BBC. (2013). The divergent thinking test [segment 12]. In The creative brain: How insight works [Video]. Films on Demand.
In-text
Paraphrase: (BBC, 2013). Quotation: (BBC, 2013, 21:23).
Gale eBooks
With author
White, N. A. (2012). Juvenile and youth offenders. In S. M. Barton-Bellessa (Ed.), Encyclopedia of community corrections (pp. 221-225). SAGE Reference.
In-text
Paraphrase: (White, 2012). Quotation: (White, 2012, p. 222).
No author
Compensation. (2012). In S. D. Hill (Ed.), Encyclopedia of management (7th ed., pp. 127-135). Gale.
In-text
Paraphrase: (“Compensation,” 2012). Quotation: (“Compensation,” 2012, p. 134).
IBISWorld
Industry Report:
Turk, S. (2014, July). Coffee production in the US (US Industry (NAICS) Report 31192a). IBISWorld Industry Market Research.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Turk, 2014). Quotation: (Turk, 2014, p. 6).
Article:
IBISWorld. (2020, December). Business sentiment index (US Business Environment Profiles Report B114). IBISWorld Industry Market Research.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (IBISWorld, 2020). Quotation: (IBISWorld, 2020, para. 4).
InfoTrac Newsstand(no author)
Strenuous exercise won't hurt your sleep. (2003, June 8). Washington Times, p. C11.
In-text:
Paraphrase: ("Strenuous Exercise", 2003). Quotation: ("Strenuous Exercise", 2003, para. 2).
Nexis Uni
Legal:
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Roe v. Wade, 1973). Quotation: (Roe v. Wade, 1973, para. 3).
Company:
Zacks Equity Research. (2018, June 1). Starbucks Corporation [Analyst report].
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Zacks Investment Research, 2018).
Quotation: (Zacks Investment Research, 2018, p. 7).
Mergent Online
Dunkin' Brands Group, Inc. (2014). Annual income statement. Mergent Online.
In-text: (Dunkin' Brands Group, Inc., 2014).
eBooks on EBSCOhost
Zeinert, K. (1998). Those courageous women of the Civil War. Millbrook Press. eBooks on EBSCOhost.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Zeinert, 1998). Quotation: (Zeinert, 1998, p. 34).
Newswire service
Strong voter support for California Medical Privacy Law. (2012, July 2). PR Newswire. InfoTrac Newsstand.
In-text
Paraphrase: ("Strong Voter", 2012). Quotation: ("Strong Voter", 2012, para. 7).
OmniFile Full Text Select
McKnight-Tutein, G., & Thackaberry, A. (2011). Having it all. Distance Learning, 8(3), 17-22.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (McKnight-Tutein & Thackaberry, 2011). Quotation: (McKnight-Tutein & Thackaberry, 2011, p. 19).
Gale Opposing Viewpoints
Viewpoint Essay
Diller, V. (2013). Altered fashion magazine photographs contribute to unrealistic body images. In L. I. Gerdes (Ed.), The Culture of Beauty. Greenhaven Press.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Diller, 2013). Quotation: (Diller, 2013, para. 5).
Magazine Article
Jones, A. (2014, April 4). Alzheimer's is expensive, deadly and growing. So where's the research money? Newsweek, 162(13), 1.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Jones, 2014). Quotation: (Jones, 2014, p. 1).
Research Starters are located in the Baker Library Search.
Tarjan, S. (2013, January). Bariatric surgery. Magill's medical guide (Online edition). Research Starters in Baker Library Search.
In-text:
Paraphrase: (Tarjan, 2013). Quotation: (Tarjan, 2013, para. 7).
Salem Press Resources
Sexson, L. (2004). The Bhagavad Gita is created. In M. W. Chavalas (Ed.), Great events from history: The ancient world, prehistory-476 C.E. (2 vols). Salem Press.
In-text
Paraphrase: (Sexson, 2004). Quotation: (Sexson, 2004, para. 3).
ScienceDirect
Reiss, M. J. (2002). Ethical dimensions of therapeutic human cloning. Journal of Biotechnology, 98(1), 61-70. Retrieved from ScienceDirect database.
In-textParaphrase: (Reiss, 2002). Quotation: (Reiss, 2002, p. 2).
Gale Science
Experiments
Nelson, M. R. (2010). Insects. In K. Krapp (Ed.), Experiment central: Understanding scientific principles through projects (2nd ed.). UXL.
In-textParaphrase: (Nelson, 2010). Quotation: (Nelson, 2010, para. 8).
Stat!Ref
Edge, S. B. (Ed.) (2010). Chapter 3: Lip and Oral Cavity. In AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook (7th ed). Retrieved from STAT!Ref Online Electronic Medical Library database.
In-textParaphrase: (Edge, 2010). Quotation: (Edge, 2010, para. 7).
Using DOI in Reference
Naidu, C. V., Sathyanarayana, G. C., Durgalakshmi, K., Malleswara Rao, L., & Nagaratna, K. (2010). Is winter monsoon rainfall over South Peninsular India increasing in global warming era? Global and Planetary Change, 72(1-2), 69-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.04.002
In-text
Paraphrase: (Naidu, Sathyanarayana, Durgalakshmi, Malleswara Rao, & Nagaratna, 2010). Quotation: (Naidu, Sathyanarayana, Durgalakshmi, Malleswara Rao, & Nagaratna, 2010, p. 70).